6. INCOME TAXES

The effective income tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes estimates for foreign income inclusions such as global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) and Subpart F income. As of September 30, 2023, the Company does not have a valuation allowance against its U.S. deferred tax assets. The Company analyzed all sources of available income and determined that they are more likely than not to realize the tax benefits of their deferred assets. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets in certain foreign jurisdictions with an overall net operating loss. The valuation allowance will be reduced at such time as management believes it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized. Any reductions in the valuation allowance will reduce future income tax provision.

As a result of return to provision adjustments, the Company does not expect to have any U.S. federal net operating loss available for carryover beyond the year ending December 31, 2023. The Company has post-apportioned U.S. state net operating loss carryforwards of $438,000 that begin expiring in 2038. At September 30, 2023, the Company has foreign net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $1.4 million in various jurisdictions with various expirations.

As of September 30, 2023, income taxes payable for the repatriation tax on the deemed repatriation of deferred foreign income required by the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”), enacted on December 22, 2017 by the U.S. government, totaled $9.0 million, of which $5.1 million is reflected as a noncurrent liability.

As a result of capital return activities, the Company determined that a portion of its current undistributed foreign earnings not deemed reinvested indefinitely by its non-U.S. subsidiaries. For state income tax purposes, the Company will continue to periodically reassess the needs of its foreign subsidiaries and update its indefinite reinvestment assertion as necessary. To the extent that additional foreign earnings are not deemed permanently reinvested, the Company expects to recognize additional income tax provision at the applicable state corporate income tax rate(s). As of September 30, 2023, the Company has not recorded a state deferred tax liability for earnings that the Company plans to repatriate out of accumulated earnings in future periods because all earnings as of September 30, 2023 have already been repatriated. Due to the Tax Act, repatriation from foreign subsidiaries will be offset with a dividends received deduction, resulting in little to no impact on federal tax expense. All undistributed earnings in excess of 50% of current earnings on an annual basis are intended to be reinvested indefinitely as of September 30, 2023.

The Company and its subsidiaries file tax returns in the United States, California, New Jersey, Texas and various foreign jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to state income tax examinations for years prior to 2018. The Company is not aware of any jurisdiction that is currently examining any of its income tax returns.